MODULE-4

NOUNS 

DEFINITION of NOUNS

Nouns refer to persons, animals, places, things, ideas, or events, etc. Nouns encompass most of the words of a language.

Noun can be a/an -  

Person – a name for a person: - Max, Julie, Catherine, Michel, Bob, etc.

Animal – a name for an animal: - dog, cat, cow, kangaroo, etc.

Place – a name for a place: - London, Australia, Canada, Mumbai, etc.

Thing – a name for a thing: - bat, ball, chair, door, house, computer, etc.

Idea – A name for an idea: - devotion, superstition, happiness, excitement, etc.

MODULE-3

    >> PARTS OF SPEECH<<

Parts of speech are the classification of words categorized by their roles and functions within the structure of the language.

Parts of speech encompass everything a language has in itself. Can you imagine all the words of a language can be sorted into these categories? They play different roles in the structure of a language.

In English, there are eight parts of speech:

• Noun

• Pronoun

• Verb

• Adjective

• Adverb

• Preposition

• Conjunction

• Interjection

Noun

Noun refers to people, places, things, ideas, concepts, etc.

Example: Michael is a good boy.  Melbourne is the best city.

Pronoun

A pronoun is used to refer to a noun/noun phrase, or nouns/noun phrases; instead of the repeated use of the same noun(s)/noun phrase(s).

Example: Michael is a good boy. He gets up early in the morning.

Verb

Verb shows an action or an ongoing condition. It is considered as the heart of a sentence.

Example: Alex is going home. He loves his home.

Adjective

Adjective modifies or describes noun in a sentence.

Example: Alex loves his beautiful daughters. His daughters also love their caring father. 

Adverb

Adverbs modify or describe adjectives, verbs, or other adverbs. It answers the questions When? Where? How? or How much?

Example: He is running fast.  She always reads attentively. 

Preposition

Preposition gives context to nouns in relationship to other nouns or pronouns.

Example: I am going to Turkey. Turkey is in Europe.

Conjunction

A conjunction connects nouns, noun phrases, clauses or sentences together.

Example: Julie love chocolate and chips. She loves pasta, but she hates pizza.

Interjection

Interjections are brief and abrupt pauses in speech, usually used for expressing emotions.

Example: Oh! That feels terrible. Alas! They have lost the match

MODULE-2

SENTENCE  

SENTENCE DEFINITION:

A sentence is the largest unit of any language. In English, it begins with a capital letter and ends with a full-stop, or a question mark, or an exclamation mark.

The sentence is generally defined as a word or a group of words that expresses a thorough idea by giving a statement/order, or asking a question, or exclaiming.

Example:

• He is a good boy ( statement ), 

• Is he a good boy? ( question ), 

• What a nice weather! ( exclaiming ).

Ideally, a sentence requires at least one subject and one verb. Sometimes the subject of a sentence can be hidden, but the verb must be visible and present in the sentence. Verb is called the heart of a sentence.

Example:

Do it. (In this sentence, a subject ‘you’ is hidden but verb ‘do’ is visible)   

“[A sentence is] a group of words, usually containing a verb, that expresses a thought in the form of a statement, question, instruction, or exclamation and starts with a capital letter when written.” 

 

In other words, a complete English sentence must have three characteristics:

First, in written form, a sentence begins with a capital letter and ends with a period (i.e., a full stop) [.], a note of interrogation (i.e., a question mark) [?], or a note of exclamation (i.e., an exclamation mark) [!].

Second, it must express a complete thought, not fragmented.  

MODULE-1

 WORD

   WORD DEFINITION:

      In traditional grammar, word is the basic unit of language. Words can be classified according to their action and meaning, but it is challenging to define. 

A word refers to a speech sound, or a mixture of two or more speech sounds in both written and verbal form of language. A word works as a symbol to represent/refer to something/someone in language to communicate a specific meaning.

Example : 

‘love’, ‘cricket’, ‘sky’ etc.

'[A word is the] smallest unit of grammar that can stand alone as a complete utterance, separated by spaces in written language and potentially by pauses in speech.'

Morphology, a branch of linguistics, studies the formation of words. The branch of linguistics that studies the meaning of words is called lexical semantics.

There are several criteria for a speech sound, or a combination of some speech sounds to be called a word.

There must be a potential pause in speech and a space in written form between two words.

For instance, suppose ‘ball’ and ‘bat’ are two different words. So, if we use them in a sentence, we must have a potential pause after pronouncing each of them. It cannot be like “Idonotplaywithbatball.” If we take pause, these sounds can be regarded as seven distinct words which are ‘I,' ‘do,' ‘not,' ‘play,' ‘with,' ‘bat,' and ‘ball.'

Every word must contain at least one root. If you break this root, it cannot be a word anymore.

For example, the word ‘unfaithful’ has a root ‘faith.' If we break ‘faith’ into ‘fa’ and ‘ith,' these sounds will not be regarded as words.

Every word must have a meaning.

For example, the sound ‘lakkanah’ has no meaning in the English language. So, it cannot be an English word.

12 Boring 😏😌 Words & What to Use Instead

 Instead Of “ACTUALLY” Use:

• Absolutely

• As a matter of fact

• Indeed

• In fact

• In point of fact

• In reality

• Indeed

• Certainly

• Veritably

• Genuinely

• Sincerely

• Truly

 🟡Instead Of “AMAZING“ Use:

• Surprising

• Astonishing

• Fascinating

• Fabulous

• Incredible

• Marvelous

• Prodigious

• Shocking

• Stunning

• Surprising

• Unbelievable

• Wonderful

⚪Instead Of “AWESOME” Use:

• Awe-inspiring

• Breathtaking

• Extraordinary

• Fantastic

• Grand

• Impressive

• Magnificent

• Mind-blowing

• Outstanding

• Remarkable

• Wonderful

 🟡Instead Of “BEAUTIFUL“ Use”

• Attractive

• Cute

• Elegant

• Exquisite

• Glamorous

• Gorgeous

• Handsome

• Lovely

• Neat

• Pretty

• Striking

• Stunning

⚪Instead Of “GREAT” Use:

• Astounding

• Commendable

• Exemplary

• First-rate

• Fantastic

• Incredible

• Legendary

• Noble

• Phenomenal

• Stupendous

• Incomparable

• Terrific!

 🟡Instead Of "INTERESTING" Use:

• Alluring

• Amusing

• Appealing

• Captivating

• Compelling

• Enchanting

• Engaging

• Entertaining

• Enticing

• Gripping

• Intriguing

• Stimulating

 ⚪Instead Of “LOOK” Use:

• Check

• Examine

• Gaze

• Glance

• Glimpse

• Inspect

• Observe

• Peek

• Review

• Search

• Stare

• View

🟡Instead Of “PLEASANT” Use:

• Amiable

• Charming

• Cheerful

• Congenial

• Cordial

• Delightful

• Enjoyable

• Gratifying

• Likable

• Lovely

• Refreshing

• Satisfying

 🟡Instead Of “QUITE” Use:

• Completely

• Considerably

• Entirely

• Fairly

• Fully

• Purely

• Precisely

• Thoroughly

• Totally

• Truly

• Utterly

• Wholly

🟡Instead Of "REALLY” Use:

• Absolutely

• Actually

• Beyond doubt

• Certainly

• Easily

• Genuinely

• Indeed

• Legitimately

• Surely

• Truly

• Undoubtedly

• Unquestionably

⚪Instead Of "SAID" Use:

• Asked

• Called

• Cried

• Demanded

• Exclaimed

• Questioned

• Remarked

• Replied

• Responded

• Stated

• Shouted

• Whispered

🟡Instead Of “VERY” Use:

• Exceedingly

• Exceptionally

• Extraordinarily

• Extremely

• Highly

• Immensely

• Insanely

• Intensely

• Meticulously

• Remarkably

• Supremely

• Tremendously

Reading practice.....................common Opposites in English

 

List of Opposite Words

Able – Unable

Above – Below

Absent – Present

Abundant – Scarce

Accept – Decline

Add – Subtract

Admit – Deny

Adore – Hate

Advantage – Disadvantage

Against – For

Agree – Disagree

None – All

Defend – Attack

Before – After

Big – Little

Birth – Death

Interesting – Boring

Top – Bottom

Legal – Illegal

Long – Short

Maximum – Minimum

Cheap – Expensive

Chilly – Warm

Cold – Hot

Complex – Simple

Dark – Bright

Difficult – Easy

Early – Late

Empty – Full

Interior – Exterior

Fast – Slow

Gentle – Rough

Giant – Tiny

High – Low

Increase – Decrease

Large – Small

Synonyms 🕊️

 

⭕ Excessive  =too much

🐼 Earthquake  =temblor

🐻 Grade =level

♥️ Bait  =prey

♦️ Calamity  =disaster

⭕ Smart  =clever-elite

🐼 Think  =ponder

🐻 Information  =data

♥️ Rapid  =quick

♦️ Storm  =tempest

⭕ bother  =annoy

🐼 Abadon  =desert_leave_quit

🐻 Gallant  =valiant

♥️ Needless  =unimportant

♦️ Rarely  =hardly

⭕ Cease  =stop

🐼 Response  =react

🐻 Awkward  =clumsy

♥️ Spouses  =wife And husband

♦️ Expect  =anticipate

⭕ Detest =hate

🐼 Gift  =present

🐻 Religion  =rule

♥️ Famous  =best_known

♦️ Victory  =win

⭕ Solo  =alone

🐼 hectic  =stressful

🐻 Essential  =important

♥️ maim  =cripple

♦️ Progress  =increase

☕Phrases for Staying at a Hotel🥕 👇👇

 Common English phrases for daily use.

☕Do you have a reservation?

☕Do you need help with your bags?

☕Is there anything else we can help you with?

☕How many guests are with you?

☕Your room is on the second floor.

☕Thank you for staying with us!

☕I’d like to book a room, please.

☕We really enjoyed our stay.

☕The room is too noisy.

☕Can I see the room, please?

☕Please sign your name here.

☕More fresh towels are available at the front desk.

☕I’d like a single room, please.

☕Can someone help me with my bags?

☕When I can check-in?

☕Do you need a wake-up call ?

 

 

Common mistakes

 

Prepositions often confused

 After for In.

✖️Don't say: I may be able to go after a week.

✔️Say: I may be able to go in a week.

Or: I may be able to go in a week's time.

When speaking of a period of time in the future, use "in", and not "after". Here "in" means "after the end of". 

 In for Within.

✖️Don't say: I'll come back in an hour - if you mean before the end of an hour.

✔️Say: I'll come back within an hour.

"In" means after the end of, "within" means before the end

Adjectives describe or give information about nouns or pronouns.

 Adjectives describe or give information about nouns or pronouns.

For example:-

The grey dog barked. (The adjective grey describes the noun "dog".

The good news is that the form of an adjective does not change. It does not matter if the noun being modified is male or female, singular or plural, subject or object.

Some adjectives give us factual information about the noun - age, size colour etc (fact adjectives - can't be argued with). Some adjectives show what somebody thinks about something or somebody - nice, horrid, beautiful etc (opinion adjectives - not everyone may agree).

The Unlucky Millionaire

 The Unlucky Millionaire

Helen Young was an unlucky woman. So many bad things happened to her. She was always getting into accidents. None of them were her fault. One year ago, there was a small earthquake. It caused a telephone pole to crack. The pole landed on top of Helen's car. Another time, there was a small storm. Helen loves the rain. She walked outside to enjoy it. She was struck by lightning within one minute. Everyone laughed at Helen's bad luck. One day, that all changed. Helen tripped on the sidewalk. She found a lottery ticket laying on the ground. It had the winning numbers. Helen was now an unlucky millionaire.

NAMES OF PLACES AND THINGS

 LESSON 15

NAMES OF PLACES AND THINGS

A place where...

Letters and parcels are posted ---------  post office

Doctors treat patients           ------------- hospital

Dead people are buried         -------------- cemetery

Soldiers and policemen live  ---------  barracks

Orphans are kept                   ------------- orphanage

Movies and films are shown  -------------- cinema

Ancient arts and crafts are preserved ---------  museum

Monks live                                     ------------- monastery

Birds are kept                               -------------- aviary

Wild animals are kept                 ---------  zoo

A lion lives                                   ------------- den

Milk is made into butter and cheese  -------------- dairy

Clothes are washed and ironed  ---------  laundry

Aeroplanes are housed           ------------- hangar

Money is coined         -------------- mint

Muslims worship         ------------- mosque

A sword is kept        -------------- scabard, sheath

Books are kept for readers    ------------- library

Fruit trees are grown         ------------- orchard

Ships load and unload        -------------- harbour, quay

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

 WELCOME TO TODAY'S LESSONS

ACTIVE AND PASSIVE VOICE

Study the sentences below to learn more about active and passive voice.

1. The women carried the babies.

2. They removed the cobwebs.

3. The children washed the clothes.

4. Cally mopped the floor.

5. She cooked a pot of soup.

Take note that the subjects the women, they, the children, Cally, and she ate the doers of the actions. The subjects did the actions. The actions were carried expressed by the verbs: carried, removed, washed, mopped, cooked. Such verbs are said to be in the active voice.

More examples are:

6. She wrote the book.

7. The man mowed the lawn.

8. Kelechi repaired the clock.

9. The lady prepared a bouquet of flowers.

10. Lukeman lifted the boxes.

11. He packed all the clothes in a suitcase.

12. The women arranged the seats very well.

 

Now, study the sentences below. They are in the passive voice. Take note of how the sentences changed.

1. The babies were carried by the women.

2. The cobwebs were removed by them.

3. The clothes were washed by the children.

4. The floor was mopped by Cally.

5. A pot of soup was cooked by her.

6. The book was written by her.

7. The lawn was mowed by the man.

8. The clock was repaired by Kelechi.

9. A bouquet of flowers was prepared by the lady.

10. The boxes were lifted by Lukeman.

11. All the clothes were packed in the suitcase by him.

12. The seats were arranged very well by the women.

 

Test

Now, change the following sentences to passive voice.

1. He changed the padlock.

2. Ahmad washed the shirts.

3. The little girl kissed her dolly.

4. Sheri made the bed.

5. The women bought the gowns.

6. The ministry has repaired the road.

7. The policeman caught the thief.

8. Hassan bought some lollipops.

9. They cleared the bush.

10. Musa painted the house.

 

Test

Make five sentences in active voice.

Make five sentences in passive voice.

 

Test

Turn the following sentences to active voice.

1. The road was damaged by the truck.

2. The article was read by Kasim.

3. The map was drawn by Ludwig.

4. The conference was rescheduled by the minister.

5. The sculptures were made by Renee.

6. The cushions were dusted by Kathleen.

7. The land was surveyed by the landowner.

8. The guns were taken from the bandits by the police.

9. The cake was shared by the celebrant.

10. The farmland was cultivated by Muhammad and his family.

VOCABULARY BUILDING AND WORD FORMATION

VOCABULARY BUILDING AND WORD FORMATION

Vocabulary has to do with all the words a person knows or uses while speaking. To improve on your vocabulary, you must read wide, read novels, articles, newspapers. And make sure you use dictionary to find out the meaning of new words.

You can form new words from nouns, adjectives, verbs, and adverbs. This is to show that words can be formed from different parts of speech. Study the following table carefully.

Sandra Famous

 Sandra Famous

Sandra Famous was a very popular girl at school. She was clever and fun and got on well with everyone. It was no accident that Sandra was so popular. From an early age, she had made an effort to be kind and friendly to everyone. She invited the whole class to her birthday party, and from time to time she would give presents to everybody. She was such a busy girl, with so many friends, that she hardly got a chance to spend time with individual friends. However, she felt very lucky; no other girl had so many friends at school and in the neighborhood.

But everything changed on National Friendship Day. On that day, at school, everyone was having a great time, drawing, painting, giving gifts. That day in class everyone had to make three presents to give to their three best friends. Sandra enjoyed the task of choosing three from amongst all the dozens of her friends.

The Hare With Many Friends

 

The Hare With Many Friends

A Hare was very popular with the other animals in the jungle who all claimed to be her friends. One day she heard the hounds approaching her and hoped to escape them by the aid of her Friends. So, she went to the horse, and asked him to carry her away from the hounds on his back. But he declined, stating that he had important work to do for his master. “He felt sure,” he said, “that all her other friends would come to her assistance.” She then applied to the bull, and hoped that he would repel the hounds with his horns. The bull replied: “I am very sorry, but I have an appointment with a lady; but I feel sure that our friend the goat will do what you want.” The goat, however, feared that his back might do her some harm if he took her upon it. The ram, he felt sure, was the proper friend to ask for help. So she went to the ram and told him the case. The ram replied: “Another time, my dear friend. I do not like to interfere on the present occasion, as hounds have been known to eat sheep as well as hares.” The Hare then applied, as a last hope, to the calf, who regretted that he was unable to help her, as he did not like to take the responsibility upon himself, as so many older persons than himself had declined the task. By this time the hounds were quite near, and the Hare took to her heels and luckily escaped

The Three personality Disorder

 

DAILY VOCABULARY

 DAILY VOCABULARY 

♥️ Learn The Ropes  (Phrase)

To learn or understand the basic details of how to do or perform a job, task, or activity.

🐼 Disentangling  (V)

free from involvement or entanglement.

🐻 Rivalry  (N)

competition for the same objective or for superiority in the same field.

♥️ Strove  (V)

make great efforts to achieve or obtain something.

🐼 Disarmament  (N)

the reduction or withdrawal of military forces and weapons.

🐻 Pragmatism  (N)

an approach to problems and situations that is based on practical solutions.

♥️ Eviction  (N)

expulsion, removal, ouster, deportation.

🐼 Red Lines  (N)

a limit beyond which someone's behaviour is no longer acceptable.

🐻 Stoutly  (Adv)

in a firm and determined way.

🐼 Avenues  (N)

a way of approaching a problem or making progress towards something.

🐻 Proximity  (N)

nearness in space, time, or relationship.

Idioms " sight "

   🐼 Idioms " sight " 🐻

♥️ Hove in(to) sight / view  

 ♦️ Meaning :  appeared

♥️ know somebody by sight 

♦️ Meaning : to know sb by sight,  her/ his face is familiar to you

♥️ Sight unseen 

♦️ Meaning: Without seeing something first

♥️ A sight ( informal)

♦️ Meaning : a lot ,much

♥️ Sorry sight 

♦️ Meaning : a bad condition or situation

♥️ Line of sight 

♦️ Meaning: the direction in which a person must look in order to see a particular object

♥️ Lose sight of sth 

♦️ Meaning : to forget about an important idea or fact because you are thinking too much about other things

♥️ Not be a pretty sight 

♦️ Meaning: to be ugly or unpleasant to look at

Vocab Words

 Vocab Words 

♥️ VIGIL 

🐼Synonym: watch, guard, wake, surveillance

🐻Antonym: sleep, inattentiveness, drowsiness

♥️ RUED 

🐼Synonym: lamented, regretted, grieved

🐻Antonym: praised, joyed

♥️ SEDITION 

🐼Synonym: insurrection, treason, mutiny

🐻Antonym: loyalty, allegiance, obedience

♥️ USHERING 

🐼Synonym: show, take, accompany, escort, lead

🐻Antonym: led by, dissuade, following

♥️ EXHORT 

🐼Synonym: urge, inspire, advise, press, enjoin

🐻Antonym: dissuade, discourage, deter, inhibit

♥️ OUTPOURING 

🐼Synonym: flood, outflow, gush, discharge

🐻Antonym: flux, dribble, inflow, small proportion

♥️ SLAMMED 

🐼Synonym: banged, smashed, knocked

🐻Antonym: opened, praised, commended

♥️ RUGGED 

🐼Synonym: rough, tough, strong, sturdy, robust

🐻Antonym: smooth, delicate, gentle, easy, flat

♥️ ENDURING 

🐼Synonym: lasting, permanent, persistent, abiding

🐻Antonym: brief, temporary, impatient, short-lived

Differences between DO and MAKE.

 Differences between DO and MAKE.

👉Use MAKE to talk about producing, creating, or constructing something.

🎓I made some fresh coffee and gave her a cup.

👉Also use MAKE with certain nouns, particularly when you are talking about an action that someone perform.

🎓Try not to make a noise.

👉We can use MAKE to say how successful someone was or would be in a particular job or position, or how successful was or would be for a particular purpose.

🎓He would probably have made an excellent lawyer.

🎓That old table will make a good place to put the television.

 

Vocabulary 

🔶1. PROSPECT  (NOUN):

 hope

Synonyms: likelihood, expectation

Antonyms: viewlessness, dimness

Example Sentence:

There was no prospect of a better day.

Pronouncation Practice

 Pronouncation Practice

 Departure - |dɪˈpɑːtʃə|

 Monalogue_ |ˈmɒn(ə)lɒɡ|

 Anaemia _[ əˈniː.mi.ə ]

 Preserve _|prɪˈzəːv|

 Hives _|hʌɪvz/

 APPROACHED_ |əˈprəʊtʃt|

 Opposed_ /əˈpoʊzd ]

 Ultimate_ /ʌltɪmət ]

 Aprroval _|əˈpruːv(ə)l|

 Initially _ [ ɪˈnɪʃəli ]

 Priority _[ praɪˈɔːrəti ]

 Pleading_ |ˈpliːdɪŋ

Conversation

 Conversation

JANE : Hey Carol, are you done with your final exams?

CAROL : Yes, Jane! I had my last one this morning. How about you?

JANE : Yeah, I got done an hour ago.

CAROL : Do you want to celebrate?

JANE : Sure! What should we do?

CAROL : I don't know. Should we throw a party?

JANE : What if our friends are not done with exams.

CAROL : Yeah, you're right. Do you want to go dancing?

JANE : I don't know how to dance.

CAROL : You don't? It's easy. Just move your body to music.

JANE : I look silly when I dance.

CAROL : Me too. I don't care.

JANE : Let's do something else.

CAROL : Ok. Do you have any ideas?

JANE : Do you want to go see a play?

CAROL : That sounds boring. I want to do something active.

JANE : I think we have different ideas of fun.

CAROL : Yeah. How about shopping? Do you want to go to the mall?

JANE : I love shopping. Let's do that. We can eat dinner there too.

CAROL : Great! Let's meet at the department store at 4 pm.

How to Improve Your Communication Skills

How to Improve Your Communication Skills 

 Awareness of your own interaction with other people is the first step in improving your communication skills. You must accept responsibility for your own behavior and do not fear apologizing for errors in judgment or insensitive actions. Your non-verbal communication is equally as important as the things that you say. Positive body language is extremely important in your interactions with other people. In order to learn how to improve your communication skills, you must become a great listener. Maximize your positive personality traits and use them in your interactions with others. Good communication and great listening skills are the most important tools you can use in improving your communication skills. You can learn how to improve your communication skills by developing excellent listening skills. Determination and self-awareness will make your desire to improve your communication skills a reality. "We forget that forgiveness is greater than revenge. People make mistakes. We are allowed to make mistakes. But the actions we take while in a rage will haunt us forever.